Effect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on anaerobic and aerobic capacity are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence thus, the present study analyzes the contribution of NaHCO3 to energy metabolism during exercise. METHODS: Following a search through five databases, 17 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) were performed using a random-effects model to determine the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on energy metabolism. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted for the anaerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in pH, bicarbonate ion [HCO3-], base excess [BE] and blood lactate [BLa]) vs. aerobic-based exercise (assessed by changes in oxygen uptake [VO2], carbon dioxide production [VCO2], partial pressure of oxygen [PO2] and partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PCO2]). RESULTS: The meta-analysis indicated that NaHCO3 ingestion improves pH (SMD = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.79, P < 0.001; I2 = 69%), HCO3- (SMD = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.17, P < 0.001; I2 = 80%), BE (SMD = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.19, P < 0.001, I2 = 77%), BLa (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.11, P < 0.001, I2 = 68%) and PCO2 (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.90, P = 0.009, I2 = 0%) but there were no differences between VO2, VCO2 and PO2 compared with the placebo condition. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis has found that the anaerobic metabolism system (AnMS), especially the glycolytic but not the oxidative system during exercise is affected by ingestion of NaHCO3. The ideal way is to ingest it is in a gelatin capsule in the acute mode and to use a dose of 0.3 g•kg- 1 body mass of NaHCO3 90 min before the exercise in which energy is supplied by the glycolytic system.

The Talent Development Pathway for Elite Basketball Players in China.

A large portion of previous sport talent development research has been conducted using Western countries study subjects such as Canadian, Swedish, Spanish, British, or American athletes. However, the factors that affect oriental culture athletes remain an unexplored field. The aims of this investigation were to consolidate the exploration of the pilot study that studied the key factors for Chinese elite basketball players' careers and understand what facts have helped them to achieve the highest sportive level through qualitative research. The pathway to excellence of 11 Chinese elite basketball players were analyzed through a semi-structured interview with different categories such as social context, sport context, tactical factors, or anthropometric factors. Results showed that cultural factors, family tradition, academic studies, coaches, mental strength, training structuration, and international competitions had a great effect and influence in the talent development of Chinese basketball players.

Key Factors on Talent Development of Expertise Basketball Players in China / Factores clave en el desarrollo del talento de la experiencia jugadores de baloncesto en China / Fatores-chave no desenvolvimento de talentos de especialização jogadores de basquete na China

The aim of this investigation was to explore what are the key factors on Chinese elite basketball player's careers, and understand what facts have helped them to achieve the highest sportive level. The pathway to excellence of three Chinese elite basketball players were analyzed through a semi structured interview with different categories such as Social Context, Sport Context, Tactical Factors or Anthropometric Factors. Results showed that "family tradition", academic studies, coaches, training structuration and international competitions had influenced the talent development of Chinese basketball players

El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar cuáles son los factores clave en el desarrollo del talento de tres jugadores de baloncesto chinos de élite y comprender qué hechos los han ayudado a alcanzar el nivel deportivo más alto. El camino hacia la excelencia de estos jugadores de baloncesto de élite chinos se analizó a través de una entrevista semiestructurada con diferentes categorías, como contexto social, contexto deportivo, factores tácticos o factores antropométricos. Los resultados mostraron que la "tradición familiar", los estudios académicos, la influencia de los entrenadores, la estructuración de entrenamientos y las competiciones internacionales habían influido en el desarrollo del talento de los jugadores chinos de baloncesto

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi explorar quais são os fatores-chave no desenvolvimento do talento de três jogadores de basquete chineses de elite e entender que fatos os ajudaram a atingir o mais alto nível esportivo. O caminho para a excelencia desses jogadores de basquete chineses de elite foi analisado por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada com diferentes categorias, como contexto social, contexto esportivo, fatores táticos ou fatores antropométricos. Os resultados mostraram que a "tradição familiar", os estudos acadêmicos, a influência dos treinadores, a estruturação de treinamentos e as competições internacionais influenciaram o desenvolvimento do talento dos jogadores de basquete chineses